FancyMancy
Well-known member
- Joined
- Sep 20, 2017
- Messages
- 7,029
- 'World’s Smallest Atom-Memory Unit’ Created for Smaller, Faster, More Energy-Efficient Computing Chips
- Scientific Breakthrough! New Device Makes Memristors Act as Neurons
- Space travel impairs mitochondrial function
- Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact
- Study finds hyperbaric oxygen treatments reverse aging process
- Hyperbaric oxygen treatments halt aging of blood cells and reverse aging process
- Scientists Identify Gene Responsible for Human Ageing
- Researchers identify gene responsible for cellular aging
- Scientists create diamonds at room temperature in minutes
- Scientists defy nature to make insta-bling at room temperature
- Earth’s Water Came from Enstatite Chondrite-Like Asteroids, Study Suggests
- Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed
- The Earth may have been wet from the very start
'World’s Smallest Atom-Memory Unit’ Created for Smaller, Faster, More Energy-Efficient Computing Chips
30/11/2020
Smaller processors enable manufacturers to make more compact computers and phones.
Researchers have created the smallest memory device yet, an advance that may lead to faster, smaller, and more energy-efficient electronic chips for consumer electronics and brain-inspired computing.
The scientists from the University of Texas at Austin in the US also found the physics that unlocks dense memory storage capabilities for these tiny devices.
In the research (https://archive.is/iPWYT), published recently in the journal Nature Nanotechnology, the scientists reduced the size of what was then the thinnest memory storage device, shrinking the cross section area down to just a single square nanometre.
According to the researchers, getting a handle on the physics that pack dense memory storage capability into these devices enabled them to make the device much smaller.
They said ultrasmall holes in the material provide the key to unlocking the high-density memory storage capability.
"When a single additional metal atom goes into that nanoscale hole and fills it, it confers some of its conductivity into the material, and this leads to a change or memory effect," explained Deji Akinwande, a co-author of the study.
Though they used the compound molybdenum disulfide, also known as MoS2, as the primary nanomaterial in their study, the researchers believe the discovery could apply to hundreds of related atomically thin materials.
Smaller processors enable manufacturers to make more compact computers and phones, they said, adding that shrinking down chips also decreases their energy demands and increases capacity.
This means faster and smarter devices that take less power to operate, the scientists explained.
The original device, dubbed "atomristor" by the researchers, was at the time the thinnest memory storage device ever recorded, with a single atomic layer of thickness.
However, shrinking the memory device is not just about making it thinner but also building it with a smaller cross-sectional area, they added.
"The scientific holy grail for scaling is going down to a level where a single atom controls the memory function, and this is what we accomplished in the new study," Akinwande said.
The new device falls under the category of memristors, an area of memory research, centred around electrical components with the ability to modify resistance between its two terminals without a need for a third terminal in the middle.
According to the researchers, these can be smaller than currently used memory devices and boast more storage capacity.
They said the new memristor promises a capacity of about 25 terabits per square centimetre, which is about 100 times higher memory density per layer compared with commercially available flash memory devices.
https://archive.is/rVa0M
Scientific Breakthrough! New Device Makes Memristors Act as Neurons
02/10/2020
A memristor is a device that regulates the flow of electrical current in a circuit and remembers the amount of charge that flowed through it. They are non-volatile devices, which means they can retain memory without power. Recently, experts have made a breakthrough in memristors that can make it act like a neuron.
Engineers have been trying to copy the power efficiency and quirky computational skills of the brain for many years, but they cannot do it. They do not have a device that can act like a neuron, one whose behavior is more complicated than any device has ever made.
A new device invented by Hewlett Packard Laboratories' Suhas Kumar, Texas A&M's R. Stanley Williams, and Ziwen Wang, a Stanford student, has met all those requirements. The device outputs simple spikes, burst os spike, self-sustained oscillations, and other processes usually found in the brain using a simple DC voltage as an input.
Most devices can only perform simple spikes, so this new invention is extraordinary. The researchers published their study in the journal Nature (https://archive.is/466y9).
Memristor Breakthrough
The novel device combines resistance capacitance and Mott memristor, with the nanometers-thin niobium oxide (NbO2) layer as the most vital part. A memristor is a device that can hold memories of the charge that previously flowed through them, in the form of resistance.
Engineers have only explored in nanoscale devices the properties of the materials in a Mott transition that could go between insulating and conducting based on their temperature.
Inside the memristor, the transition happens in a nanoscale silver of NbO2 in which when DC voltage is applied, it heats up slightly. It causes it to transition from insulating to conducting. The charge then builts up in the capacitance pours through once that transition happens.
Slowly the device cools, which triggers a transition back to insulating. The result resembles a neuron's action potential in which a spike current flows in the device.
Williams said that they have been working for five years to get that result and noted that many things are going on in that one nanoscale material.
Leon Chua, the inventor of memristor, predicted that there would be regions of chaotic behavior discovered between areas where behavior is unstable if the possible device parameters are mapped. Devices can exist that can act as a neuron at the edge of some of these chaotic regions.
Read Also: Curly the Robot Competes With Professional Curling Athletes (https://archive.is/Fa25r)
Applying it to today's machines
According to Williams, it was Kumar who fine-tuned the material and physical parameters of the device to find a combination that works. This invention is the type that cannot be found accidentally because everything has to be perfect before seeing this characteristic. But once it is made, it becomes very robust and reproducible.
The researchers tested the device by building spiking versions of Boolean logic gates, and then they made a small analog optimization circuit.
According to the researchers, there is still a lot more to do to turn these into practical devices and make them bigger to challenge today's machines. Williams and Kumar plan to explore other possible materials that experience Mott transitions at different temperatures, considering that shifts in NbO2 happen only at 800 degrees Celsius, which only occurs in nanometers thin layer. Scaling it up to millions of devices could pose a big problem.
Meanwhile, other scientists are also researching using vanadium oxide, which can transition at 60 degrees Celsius, better than NbO2. However, that temperature might be too low given that systems in the data center operate ta 100 degrees Celsius, Williams said. There could also be other materials that can be used to achieve the same result, which could be very interesting.
https://archive.is/RGZdL
Space travel impairs mitochondrial function
30/11/2020
Spaceflight is hard on the human body, and our mitochondria are not immune to its pressures.
Space travel presents unique challenges to biology, primarily extended exposure to microgravity and high levels of cosmic radiation. Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for the cell's energy demands, converting sugar into energy, facilitating life. How they react to these challenges is poorly understood. New research from a multidisciplinary team including researchers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), California, and the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Washington DC, led by Dr Afshin Beheshti, unites the impact of two threats on this organelle.
'What we found over and over was that something is happening with the mitochondria regulation that throws everything out of whack' Dr Beheshti explained (https://archive.is/MS7zb).
Dr Beheshti's team analysed a breadth of 'multi-omics' data, made possible by NASA's GeneLab, an online 'omics' database consisting of transcriptome, proteome and epigenome data from a variety of experiments involving spaceflight. The group employed this database to take a systems biology approach, looking at multiple species, including humans and mice, isolated human cells, and a variety of tissues, such as muscle and liver.
Their curated dataset was then queried for trends which correlated and overlapped between these diverse samples. The common thread which emerged from the data on gene expression, protein content and epigenetic status of the genome was the signature of changes to mitochondrial activity, across nearly all the samples.
Dr Beheshti 'was completely surprised to see that mitochondria are so important, because they weren't on our radar'. Despite this, the impact of spaceflight on mitochondria was not completely unknown, having previously been observed in soybean seedlings (https://archive.is/ewtAD).
Analysis of blood and urine samples from 59 astronauts and from the NASA Twin Study (https://archive.is/Ne11S) provided physiological evidence of altered mitochondrial function to support the omics data.
Their work, published in the journal Cell (https://archive.is/AZ3uO), shows a universally negative impact of spaceflight on mitochondria and the team believe that impacts on mitochondria, given their critical role in energy generation, could underpin other effects of spaceflight on biology, such as disruption to circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Previously identified problems with liver function in astronauts, for example, can now be linked to impaired mitochondria. The team propose a combination of exercise, drugs and diet as a means of minimising the impact of spaceflight on mitochondria in future.
The precise mechanism underlying this impact on mitochondria remains to be uncovered. Nonetheless, the groundwork laid by this study will facilitate future space exploration, which inevitably dictates prolonged periods of spaceflight for humans.
https://archive.is/UW6vC
Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact
25/11/2020
Highlights
- Multi-omics analysis and techniques with NASA’s GeneLab platform
- The largest cohort of astronaut data to date utilized for analysis
- Mitochondrial dysregulation driving spaceflight health risks
- NASA Twin Study data validates mitochondrial dysfunction during space missions
Summary
Spaceflight is known to impose changes on human physiology with unknown molecular etiologies. To reveal these causes, we used a multi-omics, systems biology analytical approach using biomedical profiles from fifty-nine astronauts and data from NASA’s GeneLab derived from hundreds of samples flown in space to determine transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenetic responses to spaceflight. Overall pathway analyses on the multi-omics datasets showed significant enrichment for mitochondrial processes, as well as innate immunity, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, circadian rhythm, and olfactory functions. Importantly, NASA’s Twin Study provided a platform to confirm several of our principal findings. Evidence of altered mitochondrial function and DNA damage was also found in the urine and blood metabolic data compiled from the astronaut cohort and NASA Twin Study data, indicating mitochondrial stress as a consistent phenotype of spaceflight.
Graphical Abstract
...
https://archive.is/hTEKS
Study finds hyperbaric oxygen treatments reverse aging process
25/11/2020
Human chromosomes (grey) capped by telomeres (white). Credit: PD-NASA; PD-USGOV-NASA
A new study from Tel Aviv University (TAU) and the Shamir Medical Center in Israel indicates that hyperbaric oxygen treatments (HBOT) in healthy aging adults can stop the aging of blood cells and reverse the aging process. In the biological sense, the adults' blood cells actually grow younger as the treatments progress.
The researchers found that a unique protocol of treatments with high-pressure oxygen in a pressure chamber can reverse two major processes associated with aging and its illnesses: the shortening of telomeres (protective regions located at both ends of every chromosome) and the accumulation of old and malfunctioning cells in the body. Focusing on immune cells containing DNA obtained from the participants' blood, the study discovered a lengthening of up to 38% of the telomeres, as well as a decrease of up to 37% in the presence of senescent cells.
The study was led by Professor Shai Efrati of the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience at TAU and Founder and Director of the Sagol Center of Hyperbaric Medicine at the Shamir Medical Center; and Dr. Amir Hadanny, chief medical research officer of the Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research at the Shamir Medical Center. The clinical trial was conducted as part of a comprehensive Israeli research program that targets aging as a reversible condition.
The paper was published in Aging on November 18, 2020.
"For many years, our team has been engaged in hyperbaric research and therapy—treatments based on protocols of exposure to high-pressure oxygen at various concentrations inside a pressure chamber," Professor Efrati explains. "Our achievements over the years included the improvement of brain functions damaged by age, stroke or brain injury.
"In the current study, we wished to examine the impact of HBOT on healthy and independent aging adults, and to discover whether such treatments can slow down, stop or even reverse the normal aging process at the cellular level."
The researchers exposed 35 healthy individuals aged 64 or over to a series of 60 hyperbaric sessions over a period of 90 days. Each participant provided blood samples before, during and at the end of the treatments, as well as some time after the series of treatments concluded. The researchers then analyzed various immune cells in the blood and compared the results.
The findings indicated that the treatments actually reversed the aging process in two of its major aspects: The telomeres at the ends of the chromosomes grew longer instead of shorter at a rate of 20% to 38% depending on the cell type; and the percentage of senescent cells in the overall cell population was reduced significantly—by 11%-37% depending on cell type.
"Today, telomere shortening is considered the 'holy grail' of the biology of aging," Professor Efrati says. "Researchers around the world are trying to develop pharmacological and environmental interventions that enable telomere elongation. Our HBOT protocol was able to achieve this, proving that the aging process can in fact be reversed at the basic cellular-molecular level."
"Until now, interventions such as lifestyle modifications and intense exercise were shown to have some inhibiting effect on telomere shortening," Dr. Hadanny adds. "But in our study, only three months of HBOT were able to elongate telomeres at rates far beyond any currently available interventions or lifestyle modifications. With this pioneering study, we have opened a door for further research on the cellular impact of HBOT and its potential for reversing the aging process."
Explore further
New hyperbaric oxygen therapy protocol can improve cognitive function of older adults (https://archive.is/Zgel1)
https://archive.is/AmPS0
Hyperbaric oxygen treatments halt aging of blood cells and reverse aging process
22/11/2020
First clinical trial reverses two biological processes associated with aging in human cells.
Image credit: AFTAU
...
The research paper is available at the journal’s web site here (https://archive.is/WwWV8).
https://archive.is/4B1c7
I was wondering if it would mention telomeres... and just when you thought Michael Jackson was right, the jew goes and says something. Let's not forget what's at the forefront of the jew's mind - "How can we make many shekels from this? We make a lot of shekels from funerals and cremations; this would give us a lot more shekels!"
Scientists Identify Gene Responsible for Human Ageing
04/12/2020
New research (https://archive.is/nO8hA) from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, published in Stem Cells, has identified a gene which regulates the ageing of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs).
Reversing Ageing
Cellular reprogramming can reverse ageing in Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved are not well understood. This recent study supported previous findings, demonstrating that rejuvenation was possible by cellular reprogramming. Furthermore, their findings enhanced the understanding of MSC ageing and associated disease. These results provide insight into potential pharmacological strategies to reduce or reverse the ageing process (https://archive.is/wUmjt).
Key Findings
The researchers extracted MSCs from human synovial fluid and reprogrammed them into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). They then transformed these iPSCs back into MSCs, in effect rejuvenating the MSCs. When comparing the rejuvenated MSCs to the original, non-rejuvenated cells, they found the cellular hallmarks of ageing were greatly reduced in reprogrammed cells. This reduction in ageing-related activities suggests a reversal of cell ageing has occurred.
Next, the scientists genetically analysed cells to investigate any changes in global gene expression as a result of the rejuvenation. They found that the expression of the GATA6 protein was repressed in reprogrammed cells.
The repression of GATA6 also led to an increase in the activity of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein and the FOXP1 protein, both essential for early development. Thus, the GATA6/SHH/FOXP1 pathway appears to be a key mechanism which regulates MSC ageing and rejuvenation.
Finally, the team confirmed that OCT4 and KLF4 (two of the four reprogramming genes used to derive iPSCs) were able to regulate GATA6 activity. This is consistent with several previous studies.
Future Direction
Overall, the study demonstrated that MSCs undergo substantial molecular and genetic changes as a result of cellular reprogramming. These changes indicate the amelioration of cell ageing. Most significantly, the outlining of the GATA6/SHH/FOXP1 pathway as a mechanism for cellular age-related activities could have broad implications in regenerative medicine.
https://archive.is/6mQG3
Researchers identify gene responsible for cellular aging
30/11/2020
When mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) age, the transcription factor GATA6 is increasingly produced in the cell to induce aging response. By transcription factor-based cellular reprogramming, aged MSCs are rejuvenated with a reduction in GATA6 effects on cellular aging. Credit - AlphaMed Press
Cellular reprogramming can reverse the aging that leads to a decline in the activities and functions of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). This is something that scientists have known for a while. But what they had not figured out is which molecular mechanisms are responsible for this reversal. A study released today in STEM CELLS appears to have solved this mystery. It not only enhances the knowledge of MSC aging and associated diseases, but also provides insight into developing pharmacological strategies to reduce or reverse the aging process.
The research team, made up of scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, relied on cellular reprogramming—a commonly used approach to reverse cell aging—to establish a genetically identical young and old cell model for this study. "While agreeing with previous findings in MSC rejuvenation by cellular reprogramming, our study goes further to provide insight into how reprogrammed MSCs are regulated molecularly to ameliorate the cellular hallmarks of aging," explained lead investigator, Wan-Ju Li, Ph.D., a faculty member in the Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and the Department of Biomedical Engineering.
The researchers began by deriving MSCs from human synovial fluid (SF-MSCs)—that is, the fluid found in the knee, elbow and other joints—and reprogramming them into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Then they reverted these iPSCs back to MSCs, in effect rejuvenating the MSCs. "When we compared the reprogrammed MSCs to the non-rejuvenated parental MSCs, we found that aging-related activities were greatly reduced in reprogrammed MSCs compared to those in their parental lines. This indicates a reversal of cell aging," Dr. Li said.
The team next conducted an analysis of the cells to determine if there were any changes in global gene expression resulting from the reprogramming. They found that the expression of GATA6, a protein that plays an important role in gut, lung and heart development, was repressed in the reprogrammed cells compared to the control cells. This repression led to an increase in the activity of a protein essential to embryonic development called sonic hedgehog (SHH) as well as the expression level of yet another protein, FOXP1, necessary for proper development of the brain, heart and lung. "Thus, we identified the GATA6/SHH/FOXP1 pathway as a key mechanism that regulates MSC aging and rejuvenation," Dr. Li said.
"Identification of the GATA6/SHH/FOXP1 pathway in controlling the aging of MSCs is a very important accomplishment," said Dr. Jan Nolta, Editor-in-Chief of STEM CELLS. "Premature aging can thwart the ability to expand these promising cells while maintaining function for clinical use, and enhanced knowledge about the pathways that control differentiation and senescence is highly valuable."
To determine which of the Yamanaka transcription factors (four reprogramming genes used to derive iPSCs) were involved in repressing GATA6 in the iPSCs, the team analyzed GATA6 expression in response to the knockdown of each factor. This yielded the information that only OCT4 and KLF4 are able to regulate GATA6 activity, a finding consistent with that of several previous studies.
"Overall, we were able to demonstrate that SF-MSCs undergo substantial changes in properties and functions as a result of cellular reprogramming. These changes in iPSC-MSCs collectively indicate amelioration of cell aging. Most significantly, we were able to identify the GATA6/SHH/FOXP1 signaling pathway as an underlying mechanism that controls cell aging-related activities," Dr. Li said.
"We believe our findings will help improve the understanding of MSC aging and its significance in regenerative medicine," he concluded.
Explore further
Human iPSC-derived MSCs from aged individuals acquire a rejuvenation signature (https://archive.is/Mn2c9)
https://archive.is/oxiKP
Scientists create diamonds at room temperature in minutes
20/11/2020
PHD scholar Xingshuo Huang from the Australian National University holds the diamond anvil that the team used to make the lab diamonds.
Diamonds might be forever, but that doesn't mean they have to take eons to form.
The gemstones are usually created after carbon is crushed and heated far beneath the Earth's surface over billions of years -- which is what makes them so coveted.
Now, scientists in Australia say they have sped up the process into just a matter of minutes -- and at room temperature.
An international team of researchers led by the Australian National University (ANU) and RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia said Wednesday they have created two types of diamond at room temperature by using high pressure equivalent to 640 African elephants balancing on the tip of a ballet shoe.
The researchers said they were able to create two types of structurally distinct diamonds -- one similar to those typically worn in jewelery, and another type called Lonsdaleite, which is found naturally at the site of meteorite impacts and is harder than most diamonds.
Synthetic diamonds are not themselves new, and have already been created in labs since the 1940s in a bid to find cheaper, ethical and environmentally friendly stones.
But researchers were excited to create such diamonds at room temperature, especially the harder Lonsdaleite diamond, which has the potential to be used to cut through "ultra-solid" materials on mining sites, they said.
"Creating more of this rare but super useful diamond is the long-term aim of this work," said Xingshuo Huang, an ANU scholar working on the project. "Being able to make two types of diamonds at room temperature was exciting to achieve for the first time in our lab."
Lab grown diamonds are usually created by carbon being subjected to intense heat (https://archive.is/b9Qp8).
A huge twisting, sliding force
To form the diamonds, researchers applied immense pressure to create a "twisting or sliding force" that they believe caused the carbon atoms to move into place, said Jodie Bradby, a physics professor at ANU.
"Natural diamonds are usually formed over billions of years, about 150 kilometers (about 93 miles) deep in the Earth where there are high pressures and temperatures above 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,832 degrees Fahrenheit)," she said. "The twist in the story is how we apply the pressure."
This close up image shows the diamond "rivers".
Dougal McCulloch, physics professor at RMIT who co-lead the research, and his team then used advanced electron microscopy techniques to take slices from the experimental samples to better understand how they were formed.
When the team studied the samples they found veins of both regular and the Lonsdaleite diamonds running through.
"Seeing these little 'rivers' of Lonsdaleite and regular diamond for the first time was just amazing and really helps us understand how they might form," McCulloch said.
Researchers from The University of Sydney and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in Tennessee, US were also involved in the research.
Related Article
This entrepreneur says he's making diamonds 'from the sky'
https://archive.is/w04D0
Scientists defy nature to make insta-bling at room temperature
An international team has made diamonds in minutes in a laboratory at room temperature – a process that normally takes billions of years, huge amounts of pressure and super-hot temperatures.
PhD candidate Brenton Cook and Professor Dougal McCulloch in the RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility
...
https://archive.is/ovxhJ
It has been known that commercially-purchasable diamonds can be created in laboratories/factories, as well. I saw something which showed the size of a diamond in a pressing machine thing, and the machine around the tiny-in-comparison diamond, was big, sort of like having a giant's hand crushing a usual-sized almont "nut" (cough) or something. Oh, and did I say that they still cost a lot of shekels to buy, despite them being mass-produced now?!
According to the Mohs scale, diamond is the strongest substance. It can be cut only by another diamond (the last I knew).
Along the lines of the "twisting or sliding force" which they believe moves atoms into place - I wondered if we could get some mercury, freeze it to low-enough temperatures, and remove one of its protons thereby turning it from mercury into gold, a sort of futuristic Midas touch or philosopher's stone (because these things are "legend" and "primitive", of course). It is, apparently, "possible to transmute mercury into gold by making it unstable so it decays [https://archive.is/wx6iV]. Decay, freeze, whatever.
Earth’s Water Came from Enstatite Chondrite-Like Asteroids, Study Suggests
A piece of the enstatite chondrite meteorite Sahara 97096. Image credit - Christine Fieni/Laurette Piani/French National Museum of Natural History.
A type of meteorite called an enstatite chondrite has similar isotopic composition to terrestrial rocks and thus may be representative of the material that formed Earth. A new study (https://archive.is/Mb1tk) published in the journal Science shows that these meteorites contain sufficient hydrogen to have delivered to Earth at least three times the mass of water in its oceans.
Enstatite chondrites are space rocks forged from the nebula that formed the Solar System.
They are rare, making up only about 2% of known meteorites in collections. But their isotopic similarity to terrestrial rocks make them particularly compelling.
They have similar oxygen, titanium and calcium isotopes as Earth, and the new study showed that their hydrogen and nitrogen isotopes are similar to Earth’s, too.
“Our discovery shows that the Earth’s building blocks might have significantly contributed to the Earth’s water,” said Dr. Laurette Piani, a researcher at the Université de Lorraine.
“Hydrogen-bearing material was present in the inner Solar System at the time of the rocky planet formation, even though the temperatures were too high for water to condense.”
The building blocks of Earth are often presumed to be dry. They come from inner zones of the Solar System where temperatures would have been too high for water to condense and come together with other solids during planet formation.
The meteorites provide a clue that water didn’t have to come from far away.
“The most interesting part of the discovery for me is that enstatite chondrites, which were believed to be almost dry, contain an unexpectedly high abundance of water,” said Dr. Lionel Vacher, a postdoctoral researcher at Washington University in St. Louis.
“If enstatite chondrites were effectively the building blocks of our planet — as strongly suggested by their similar isotopic compositions — this result implies that these types of chondrites supplied enough water to Earth to explain the origin of Earth’s water, which is amazing!”
The team also proposes that a large amount of the atmospheric nitrogen — the most abundant component of the Earth’s atmosphere — could have come from the enstatite chondrites.
“Only a few pristine enstatite chondrites exist: ones that were not altered on their asteroid nor on Earth,” Dr. Piani said.
“In our study, we have carefully selected the enstatite chondrite meteorites and applied a special analytical procedure to avoid being biased by the input of terrestrial water.”
Coupling conventional mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry allowed the scientists to precisely measure the content and composition of the small amounts of water in the meteorites.
“Prior to this study, it was commonly assumed that enstatite chondrites formed close to the Sun,” Dr. Piani said.
“These chondrites were thus commonly considered dry, and this frequently reasserted assumption has probably prevented any exhaustive analyses to be done for hydrogen.”
Laurette Piani et al. 2020. Earth’s water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites. Science 369 (6507): 1110-1113; doi: 10.1126/science.aba1948
https://archive.is/3CxAL
Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed
Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans -- and then some
https://archive.is/6rNyu
The Earth may have been wet from the very start
A new study finds the rocks that first formed Earth carried with them enough hydrogen for three times the water we have today.
https://archive.is/KGn7y
Mistakes and errors in the articles above are by the respective authours of the articles.
